The patterns of GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION of C3 and C4 species of the family Chenopodiaceae have been analyzed in Iran, using a database of 11151 georeferenced records. The members of Chenopodiaceae family with 45 genera and 204 species are widely distributed in Iran. There they show a ratio of about 2:1 between C4 and C3 species. All available data were organized in MS access database, and analyzed in point-to-grid analysis tool of DIVA-GIS software, using 10´10 km grid cells and the circular neighborhood option. The highest species numbers, with a peak at 83 per grid unit, occur in Tehran, Semnan, and East Azerbaijan provinces but the density of records is extremely uneven. Consequently, the same areas also are the hot spots of both C4 and C3 species. The comparison between the DISTRIBUTION patterns of carbon isotope composition ( δ13C) values of species and the annual precipitation gradient map represents that C4 Chenopods are well adapted to regions with high degree of aridity and low precipitation.

Increased population growth and consequent increasing rural and urban solid waste increases the importance of solid waste management. Site selection have an important influence on the waste management. Therefore, in this study to prioritize suitable sites landfill Urmia Basin Nazloochaei Rangeland, decision-making support systems including TOPSIS and AHP method were used. Stages of this research consisted of the following processes including: determining effective criteria, providing criteria maps, providing decision making matrix, weighting of criteria, calculating the rate of incompatibility, calculating the ideal solution both positive and negative ideal solution, calculating relative proximity to positive ideal solution, ranking sub watersheds and ultimately MAPPING the GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION of suitable sites for municipal solid waste landfill in Nazloochaei Urmia Basin. ARC GIS software, TOPSIS & EXPERT CHOISE was applied. Results showed that the first appropriate priority and the second priority were B11 and ABCDE-INT1. The AFGH-INT, C1, B1-INT third to fifth respectively in the appropriate priorities were. J3, J111 and J11-INT with the priorities forty-first and forty-third, were the least fit to landfill. B11 have maximum depth of soil and groundwater and least amount of rainfall, the number of wells, surface water density, slope and height than the other sub watersheds. B11 soil texture is average and its current use is inutile. However, J11-INT showed opposite conditions.

Introduction: Each year, 10 million people are faced with cancer and about 6 million of them die throughout the world. This study aimed at investigating the GEOGRAPHICal DISTRIBUTION of cancer and its environmental risk factors in Iran.Methods: The present study was MAPPING the available data collected from the reports of Iranian Center for Disease Control (Cancer Bureau) regarding the frequency of 10 common cancers (stomach, esophageal, colorectal, bladder, lung, CNS, lymphoma, prostate, ovarian, and breast) as their age-standardized incidence rate (ASR) for each province in between 2005 and 2006 using ArcGIS 9.3. The published information about environmental risk factors was also gathered based on reviewing available public sources of digital databases including Scopus, Pubmed and Persian sources of Iran Medex, Iran DOC, SID, and magiran, as well as through hand searching of books and manuals using keywords.Results: GEOGRAPHICally, the incidence of certain cancers varied in different regions of Iran. Between 2005 and 2006, the estimated ASR of cancers was 102.4 and 117.3 per 100, 000 among females and males, respectively. The ASR of cancer was higher in the north than in the south of Iran. This difference is possibly due to the methods of registry and difference in the site. Lifestyle, infectious agents, environmental exposures, and constitutional factors are risk factors that have been attributed to certain types of cancer.Conclusion: Development, establishment, and implementation of Comprehensive National Cancer Control Program should be the first priority for health policy-makers. Given its nationwide DISTRIBUTION, Iranian Army can provide substantial assistance in collection and analysis of data on cancer in case of access to a record and control system of cancer.

The GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION of Astragalus (Fabaceae) in Iran was analyzed using a database of 7606 georeferenced observations. Astragalus occurs in all provinces of Iran, but 88% of the observations are in five provinces including Tehran, West-Azerbaijan, Esfahan, Kordestan, and Khorasan-e Razavi. Most species are rare and narrowly endemic: The largest distance between two observations of the same species for 451 species is <200 km. The highest number of species (154 species) was known from Esfahan Province, followed by East-Azerbaijan with 149 species. A grid of 30 × 30 km cells were used to map the species richness. There are 794 cells with observation on grid map. To include all species of Astragalus, 269 selected cells are enough. High species richness occurs only in northern half of country especially in north-west of the Iran. Regions with high richness include Central-Alborz Mountain in north, North-Zagros Mountain in west, Mountain of north-west corner of Iran, and Khorasan-Kopet Dagh Mountain in North-East. The highest number of species in a grid cell (43 species) occurs in Avaj between Qazvin and Hamedan. Astragalus species occur between 30° N and 38° N. Astragalus species widely distributed in mountainous regions especially between 1000 and 3000 m altitude.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a group of organic compounds made up of two or more fused benzene rings in linear, angular or cluster arrangements. The PAHs are formed by incomplete combustion or high temperature pyrolytic process involving organic matter. Thirty sampling sites were selected to characterize the PAHs concentrations in ambient air in Tehran. Sixteen PAHs were measured simultaneously in particles phase of urban area in Tehran’s atmosphere. In order to understand the DISTRIBUTION of PAHs at Tehran area, 1-year sampling program was undertaken. A GEOGRAPHIC information system (GIS) is a computer-based tool for MAPPING and analyzing GEOGRAPHIC phenomenon that exist and events that occur on Earth. Several efforts have been made for MAPPING PAHs related pollution and determining pollution patterns in urban areas using GIS. This study revealed that most concentration of cancerous PAHs compounds was found in district 16 (950.47 ng/m3) and lowest concentration in district 2 (19.59 ng/m3).

Flooding and its damages are not only found uplift water level in a region. In other words, the depth and speed parameters together have determining the level of flood risk at each point. This subject is visible in flooded plain with low height and high speed of 2 meters per second, which damages are extensive. According to the criteria of having both velocity and flow depth in the governing equation to the flows energy, this equation seems appropriate to analysis in this study. Various methods have been proposed for increase accuracy in flood zoning with different return periods and risks associated with it in land border of river. For example, some of these methods are considered factors such as analysis of past flooding in the area affected by floods, hydrological factors and consideration of hydraulic elements affecting in flood zoning (such as flow velocity). This paper investigates the effect of flood zoning by the energy flow in the areas affected by floods. Also risk due to flood based on energy flow in each section of the river is compared by the proposed graphs of hazard interval and other done flood zoning in this field. In this study, the FORDO river has been selected as the case study. This river is part of the rivers located in the city of QOM KAHAK. The characteristics of river in upstream and downstream are mountain, young and stable and adult, respectively. Also this river in different seasons is exposed the flood damage. The proposed method in this study can be improving recognition accuracy of flood risk in areas affected by flood. Also, this method facilitate the identify parts of the river bed, that is affected by severe flooding, for decision making to improve rivers organizing.

Background: DISTRIBUTION of Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) genotypes may be changed over time. Epidemiological Studies on DISTRIBUTION patterns of HCV genotypes in Pakistani population might assist for better treatment options and preventive strategies.Objectives: This study was conducted to determine DISTRIBUTION patterns of HCV genotypes in different GEOGRAPHICal regions of Pakistan.Patients and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 1818 randomly selected patients from different GEOGRAPHICal regions of Pakistan, diagnosed with HCV infection by the third generation Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), were included between April 2011 and December 2013. HCV RNA was detected in serum samples of patients by Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT- PCR) of the core region. Qualitative PCR was performed to determine viral load. HCV genotyping was performed by RT-nested PCR using type-specific primers of the core region. Frequency of different genotypes among patients was assessed according to gender, age and GEOGRAPHICal region at the time of sampling.Results: Of 1818 HCV RNA positive samples, HCV genotypes PCR fragments were detected in 1552 (85.5%) samples. HCV genotype 3a was the predominant genotype (39.4%) followed by genotype 2a (24.93%). HCV genotype 3 was the predominant genotype in Punjab and Sindh regions, while genotype 2 was the most predominant genotype in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa region and the second predominant genotype after genotype 3 in Sindh region. The incidence of genotype 2a is increasing in our country with decrease in the incidence of genotype 3a. A higher incidence of HCV various genotypes were observed among male patients and those younger than 45 years.Conclusions: This study may facilitate treatment options and preventive strategies in Pakistan.

Objective(s): To improve the performance of the trauma management system, we examined the pattern of injury "hot spots" in Tehran. Methods: All hospitals in Tehran admitting trauma victims were included in this study. In randomly selected days throughout the year (41 days), trained interviewers collected data on trauma cases round the clock. If the patient was hospitalized, further information about the cause of trauma and its mechanism was recorded. Results: In all, 4198 patients were admitted to the hospitals and interviewed. The mean age of the patients was 29.8±18 years. 78 percent of our patients were male. The major mechanism of injury was traffic accident followed by falls, penetrating injuries, and alcohol intoxication. The highest number of cases came from the 4th, 20th and 12th municipal districts (Bazaar, Pa-Menar, Khaniabad). If we considered only road traffic accidents (as the major cause of trauma), the 4th, 20th and 12th regions were the most frequent sites of occurrence. Conclusion: More comprehensive studies have to be performed on the causes of injuries in the "hot spots" to elucidate what preventive strategies would effectively reduce the incidence of trauma in these areas.